Armenian Merchants in the City of Jolfa and Their Role in the Flourishing of Trade in the Safavid State ( 1588-1629 )
Keywords:
Armenian merchants, trade of the Safavid state, the Armenians during the reign of Shah Abbas the Great, the Armenians in the city of Jolfa
Abstract
The reign of Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) was marked by several changes to the constants on which the Safavid state was based, which made his state a great political, commercial and economic power, although these changes eventually led to the fall of the Safavid state and its exposure to the Afghan occupation in 1722 AD, but The impact left by Shah Abbas the First, his actions and his decisions remains what made him worthy of the title given to him by historians, which is (Abbas the Great). The Shah took it during his reign because the Armenians had made the city of Isfahan In particular, and the Safavid state in general, a huge and prosperous commercial base because of the commercial potential of the Armenians and their intelligence, which they gained through their ancient city of Jolfa, which had a commercial location that made the Armenians natural traders, and the Shah treated the Armenians of Jolfa Aras in the way that made him win their loyalty, as well as the Shah's keenness not to make them feel In exile in the neighborhood that he built for them in Isfahan, which he named after their old city, and made housing there exclusively for Armenians. The Shah was also keen to practice their religious faith freely, and even built a huge church for them to practice their religious rituals, and this was not a strange thing for Shah Abbas The first whose era was characterized by extreme religious tolerance towards religious minorities in Iran.
References
First: Theses and university dissertations
1- Salam Khosrow Jawamir , Shah Abbas the Great and his internal reform policy in Iran (1571-1629), unpublished doctoral thesis, College of Education / Ibn Rushd, University of Baghdad, 2012.
2- Shahd Abd al-Razzaq Muhammad, Al-Qizilbash and their military and political role in Iran 1500-1629, unpublished master's thesis, College of Arts, Basra University, 2018.
3- Sunan Abd al-Azim Fahim al-Aidami , The city of Isfahan during the Safavid era, a study of its social and economic conditions (1598-1722), unpublished doctoral thesis, College of Education, University of al-Qadisiyah, 2019.
Second: Books in Arabic:
1- Ibrahim Khalil Ahmed, Khalil Ali Murad, Iran and Turkey, A Study in Modern and Contemporary History, Dar Al-Kutub, Mosul, 1992.
2- Anton Khanji , Brief History of the Armenians, Monastery of the Franciscan Fathers , Jerusalem, 1868.
3- Badie Juma, Shah Abbas the Great, Dar Al-Nahda, Beirut, 1980.
4- T. Koehler Young, The Near East, Society and Culture, translated by: Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Ayoub, the Egyptian General Book Organization, 2nd edition, Cairo.
5- Hassan Karim Al-Jaff, Encyclopedia of Iran’s Political History, from the establishment of the Saffarid state to the establishment of the Safavid state, Part 2, The Arab House for Encyclopedias, Beirut, 2008.
6- Donald Wolber, Iran, Its Past and Present, translated by Abdul-Naim Muhammad Hassanein, 2nd edition, Egyptian Book House, Cairo, 1985.
7- Rizkallah Metqrios Al-Sarfi, History of Islamic Countries, Part 3, Al-Hilal Press, Cairo, 1908.
8 - Robert W. Olsen, The Siege of Mosul and the Ottoman-Persian Relations (1718-1743 AD), translated by Abdul Rahman Amin Bey Al-Jalili, Dar Al-Ulum for Printing and Publishing, 1983 AD.
9- Sarkis Abu Zaid, Christianity in Iran, its history and current reality, Civilization Library for the Development of Islamic Thought, Beirut, 2008.
10 - Suleiman Thaher, The Political, Cultural and Religious History of the Shiites, investigation by Abdullah Suleiman Daher, Part 3, Al-Alamy Publications Foundation, Beirut, 2002.
11- Shaheen Makarios , History of Iran, Arab Horizons House, Cairo, 2003.
12- Shawqi Abu Khalil, Chaldiran Salim Al-Awwal Al-Othmani and Ismail Al-Safawi, Dar Al-Fikr, Damascus, 2005.
13 - Talib Muheibes Hassan Al-Waeli, The Safavids from the Sufi Order until the Establishment of the State, Dar Tammuz, 2nd edition, Damascus, 2012 AD.
14- Abbas Ismail Sabbagh, History of Ottoman-Iranian Relations, War and Peace between the Ottomans and the Safavids, Dar Al-Nafais, Beirut, 1999.
15- Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, History of Iran after Islam from the beginning of the Tahirid state until the end of the Qajar state , translated, presented and commented by Muhammad Alaeddin Mansour, reviewed by Al-Sibai Muhammad Al-Sibai, Dar Al-Thaqafa, Cairo, 1989.
16- Abd al-Salam Abd al-Aziz Fahmy, History of the Mongol State in Iran, Dar al-Ma'arif, Cairo, 1981.
17- Ali Ibrahim Darwish, Politics and Religion during the establishment of the Safavid state (1501-1576), Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, Beirut, 2013.
18- Farouk Omar, Morteza Hassan Al-Naqeeb, History of Iran, A Study in the Political History of Persia during the Middle Islamic Ages, Higher Education Press, Baghdad, 1989.
19- F. Hyde , History of Trade in the Near East in the Middle Ages, translated by Ahmed Mohamed Reda, revised and presented by Ezz El-Din Fouda, Part 3, The Egyptian General Book Organization, Cairo, 1985-1993.
20- Carl Brockelmann, History of Islamic Peoples, translated by Nabih Amin Fares, Mounir Al-Baalbaki, Dar Al-Ilm for Millions, 5th Edition, DM , 1968.
21- Kamal Al-Sayed, The Rise and Fall of the Safavid State, Sorour Press, Qom, 2005.
22- A group of authors, Safavieh History, Conflict and Residues, 3rd edition, Al-Mesbar Center for Studies and Research, Dubai, 2011.
23- Muhammad Reza Wasfi, Interaction between Islam and Christianity in Iran: The Safavid era (1501-1722 AD), Civilization Center for the Development of Islamic Thought, Beirut, 2015.
24- Muhammad Suhail Takush , History of the Safavid State in Iran, Dar Al-Nafais, Beirut, 2009.
25- Muhammad Abd al-Latif Haridi, The Ottoman-Persian Wars and Their Impact on the Recession of the Islamic Tide from Europe, Dar Al-Sahwa, Cairo, 1987.
26- Muhsin Al-Amin, Shia Notables, Part 1, Dar Al-Ta’rif for Publications, Beirut, 1986.
27- Marwan Al-Medawar, The Armenians Throughout History, 2nd Edition, Noble House, Beirut, pp. s.
28 - Nasrallah Philosophical, Iran and its Foreign Relations in the Safavid Era, translated by Muhammad Fathi Yousef Al-Rayes, Cairo, 1989.
29- Naqia Hanna Mansour, The Armenians and the Ottoman Empire, Arab Renaissance House, Beirut, 2016.
30 - Homa Katouzian , Persians, Iran in ancient, medieval and modern times, tables for publication, translation and distribution, Beirut, 2014.
31- Wajih Kawtharani , The Faqih and the Sultan, the Dialectic of Religion and Politics in Two Historical Experiences, the Ottoman and the Safavid - Qajar , 4th edition, The Arab Center, Beirut, 2015.
32- Will Durant , The Story of Civilization, Volume Fifteen (29-30) The Beginning of the Age of Reason, translated by Fouad Andrews, Muhammad Ali Abu Durra, Dar Al-Jeel, Beirut.
Third: Books in Persian
1- Bastani Parisi , The Politics of Economics of the Safavid Era, Jaid Rem, (Tehran 1357 AH).
2- Tahmasb bin Ismail bin Haider Safavi, Tadhkirah Shah Tahmasb , presented by Amrullah Safri, East Insharat, Tehran, 1363, H.S., Jab Dom.
3- Manujhar Parsadost , Shah Abbas the first, first edition, first edition, Tehran, 1388.
Fourth: Books in English :
1-Percy Sykes, A History of Persia, Third Edition, London, 1930, Vol. II .
2-JC Hurewitez , Diplomacy in the Near East and Middle East 1419-1536, New York, 1972 .
Fifth: Arabic research and studies :
1- Asim Hakim Abbas al-Jubouri, and Sunn Abd al-Azim Fahim al -Aidami , the mass Armenian migration to Iran during the reign of Shah Abbas the First 1587-1629, Uruk Journal, Volume VIII, No. 3, Al-Qadisiyah University, College of Education.
2- Ali Hamza Salman, Armenians between Russians and Turks, University of Karbala, College of Education for Human Sciences, Department of History.
Sixth: Persian research and studies :
1- Lotfollah Hormuz, Historical Antiquities of Jalfa, Hozomardam Magazine , Shamara 65, Tehran, 1346 Sh.
1- Salam Khosrow Jawamir , Shah Abbas the Great and his internal reform policy in Iran (1571-1629), unpublished doctoral thesis, College of Education / Ibn Rushd, University of Baghdad, 2012.
2- Shahd Abd al-Razzaq Muhammad, Al-Qizilbash and their military and political role in Iran 1500-1629, unpublished master's thesis, College of Arts, Basra University, 2018.
3- Sunan Abd al-Azim Fahim al-Aidami , The city of Isfahan during the Safavid era, a study of its social and economic conditions (1598-1722), unpublished doctoral thesis, College of Education, University of al-Qadisiyah, 2019.
Second: Books in Arabic:
1- Ibrahim Khalil Ahmed, Khalil Ali Murad, Iran and Turkey, A Study in Modern and Contemporary History, Dar Al-Kutub, Mosul, 1992.
2- Anton Khanji , Brief History of the Armenians, Monastery of the Franciscan Fathers , Jerusalem, 1868.
3- Badie Juma, Shah Abbas the Great, Dar Al-Nahda, Beirut, 1980.
4- T. Koehler Young, The Near East, Society and Culture, translated by: Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Ayoub, the Egyptian General Book Organization, 2nd edition, Cairo.
5- Hassan Karim Al-Jaff, Encyclopedia of Iran’s Political History, from the establishment of the Saffarid state to the establishment of the Safavid state, Part 2, The Arab House for Encyclopedias, Beirut, 2008.
6- Donald Wolber, Iran, Its Past and Present, translated by Abdul-Naim Muhammad Hassanein, 2nd edition, Egyptian Book House, Cairo, 1985.
7- Rizkallah Metqrios Al-Sarfi, History of Islamic Countries, Part 3, Al-Hilal Press, Cairo, 1908.
8 - Robert W. Olsen, The Siege of Mosul and the Ottoman-Persian Relations (1718-1743 AD), translated by Abdul Rahman Amin Bey Al-Jalili, Dar Al-Ulum for Printing and Publishing, 1983 AD.
9- Sarkis Abu Zaid, Christianity in Iran, its history and current reality, Civilization Library for the Development of Islamic Thought, Beirut, 2008.
10 - Suleiman Thaher, The Political, Cultural and Religious History of the Shiites, investigation by Abdullah Suleiman Daher, Part 3, Al-Alamy Publications Foundation, Beirut, 2002.
11- Shaheen Makarios , History of Iran, Arab Horizons House, Cairo, 2003.
12- Shawqi Abu Khalil, Chaldiran Salim Al-Awwal Al-Othmani and Ismail Al-Safawi, Dar Al-Fikr, Damascus, 2005.
13 - Talib Muheibes Hassan Al-Waeli, The Safavids from the Sufi Order until the Establishment of the State, Dar Tammuz, 2nd edition, Damascus, 2012 AD.
14- Abbas Ismail Sabbagh, History of Ottoman-Iranian Relations, War and Peace between the Ottomans and the Safavids, Dar Al-Nafais, Beirut, 1999.
15- Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, History of Iran after Islam from the beginning of the Tahirid state until the end of the Qajar state , translated, presented and commented by Muhammad Alaeddin Mansour, reviewed by Al-Sibai Muhammad Al-Sibai, Dar Al-Thaqafa, Cairo, 1989.
16- Abd al-Salam Abd al-Aziz Fahmy, History of the Mongol State in Iran, Dar al-Ma'arif, Cairo, 1981.
17- Ali Ibrahim Darwish, Politics and Religion during the establishment of the Safavid state (1501-1576), Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, Beirut, 2013.
18- Farouk Omar, Morteza Hassan Al-Naqeeb, History of Iran, A Study in the Political History of Persia during the Middle Islamic Ages, Higher Education Press, Baghdad, 1989.
19- F. Hyde , History of Trade in the Near East in the Middle Ages, translated by Ahmed Mohamed Reda, revised and presented by Ezz El-Din Fouda, Part 3, The Egyptian General Book Organization, Cairo, 1985-1993.
20- Carl Brockelmann, History of Islamic Peoples, translated by Nabih Amin Fares, Mounir Al-Baalbaki, Dar Al-Ilm for Millions, 5th Edition, DM , 1968.
21- Kamal Al-Sayed, The Rise and Fall of the Safavid State, Sorour Press, Qom, 2005.
22- A group of authors, Safavieh History, Conflict and Residues, 3rd edition, Al-Mesbar Center for Studies and Research, Dubai, 2011.
23- Muhammad Reza Wasfi, Interaction between Islam and Christianity in Iran: The Safavid era (1501-1722 AD), Civilization Center for the Development of Islamic Thought, Beirut, 2015.
24- Muhammad Suhail Takush , History of the Safavid State in Iran, Dar Al-Nafais, Beirut, 2009.
25- Muhammad Abd al-Latif Haridi, The Ottoman-Persian Wars and Their Impact on the Recession of the Islamic Tide from Europe, Dar Al-Sahwa, Cairo, 1987.
26- Muhsin Al-Amin, Shia Notables, Part 1, Dar Al-Ta’rif for Publications, Beirut, 1986.
27- Marwan Al-Medawar, The Armenians Throughout History, 2nd Edition, Noble House, Beirut, pp. s.
28 - Nasrallah Philosophical, Iran and its Foreign Relations in the Safavid Era, translated by Muhammad Fathi Yousef Al-Rayes, Cairo, 1989.
29- Naqia Hanna Mansour, The Armenians and the Ottoman Empire, Arab Renaissance House, Beirut, 2016.
30 - Homa Katouzian , Persians, Iran in ancient, medieval and modern times, tables for publication, translation and distribution, Beirut, 2014.
31- Wajih Kawtharani , The Faqih and the Sultan, the Dialectic of Religion and Politics in Two Historical Experiences, the Ottoman and the Safavid - Qajar , 4th edition, The Arab Center, Beirut, 2015.
32- Will Durant , The Story of Civilization, Volume Fifteen (29-30) The Beginning of the Age of Reason, translated by Fouad Andrews, Muhammad Ali Abu Durra, Dar Al-Jeel, Beirut.
Third: Books in Persian
1- Bastani Parisi , The Politics of Economics of the Safavid Era, Jaid Rem, (Tehran 1357 AH).
2- Tahmasb bin Ismail bin Haider Safavi, Tadhkirah Shah Tahmasb , presented by Amrullah Safri, East Insharat, Tehran, 1363, H.S., Jab Dom.
3- Manujhar Parsadost , Shah Abbas the first, first edition, first edition, Tehran, 1388.
Fourth: Books in English :
1-Percy Sykes, A History of Persia, Third Edition, London, 1930, Vol. II .
2-JC Hurewitez , Diplomacy in the Near East and Middle East 1419-1536, New York, 1972 .
Fifth: Arabic research and studies :
1- Asim Hakim Abbas al-Jubouri, and Sunn Abd al-Azim Fahim al -Aidami , the mass Armenian migration to Iran during the reign of Shah Abbas the First 1587-1629, Uruk Journal, Volume VIII, No. 3, Al-Qadisiyah University, College of Education.
2- Ali Hamza Salman, Armenians between Russians and Turks, University of Karbala, College of Education for Human Sciences, Department of History.
Sixth: Persian research and studies :
1- Lotfollah Hormuz, Historical Antiquities of Jalfa, Hozomardam Magazine , Shamara 65, Tehran, 1346 Sh.
Published
2023-03-16
How to Cite
Al- Jamrawi, M. A.- T. S. (2023). Armenian Merchants in the City of Jolfa and Their Role in the Flourishing of Trade in the Safavid State ( 1588-1629 ). Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History, 4(3), 87-108. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NVUMF
Section
Articles
