Elite Deviance and the Rising Rate of Conflicts Among Politicians in South-South Nigeria
Keywords:
Conflict, Elite-deviance, Politicians, underdevelopment, Godfatherism, Prebendalism, Clientelism
Abstract
This paper has carefully examined elite deviance and the rising rate of conflicts among politicians in the South-South region. The work basically focused exploring how elite deviance, which is basically actions carried out by public officials with the central goal of experiencing personal or class gain in profits or power in relation to the masses, has negatively rubbed off on the state of development in the South-South. The objectives of the paper roved around evaluating the state of elite-deviance, its causative factors, prevalence amongst politicians, and how it leads to conflicts amongst politicians and incidentally to underdevelopment in the South-South of Nigeria. This paper applied the Elite theory considering the fact that in every society it is often a minority of the population (the elite) which takes the major decisions in the society. It is this advantageous position that gives the politicians the opportunity to engage in elite deviance to the clash of interests that often results in conflicts that affect the state of development in this region. This paper found that there is the prevalence of the politics of godfatherism, prebendalism and clientelism, all of which make elite-deviance to flourish in the South-South. Besides, the political elite have not appreciably been contributing to development in South-South; and elite deviance results in overall underdevelopment and suffering of the people of the South-South.Also, Federal Government efforts towards development often get thwarted by elite-deviance that is the main impeding factor of development, which can only be achieved through honest and dedicated efforts of all stakeholders in the region. Consequently, this work recommended honest, dedicated and goals-oriented political leadership based on proper constitutionality; checkmating and playing down on conflicts, all-inclusive governance, punishing fraudulent politicians in the region to deter others, and proper accountability for the overall development of the South-South.
References
1. Abah, N. (2010). Development administration: A multi dispensary approach. John Jacob Classic Publishers.
2. Abel, R. L. (2012). Comparative studies of lawyer deviance and discipline”. Legal ethics, 15(2),pp. 187-195.
3. Adeosun, A. B., Ismail, N. and Zengeni, K. T. (2016). “Elites and conflict in Nigeria: A case study of the Niger Delta insurgency.” International journal of political science and development, Vol. 4(8), pp. 301-314, December 2016. DOI: 10.14662/IJPSD2016.053.
4. Ake, C. (2001). Democracy and development in Africa. Spectrum Books.
5. Armao, F. (2012). Why is organized crime so successful? Organised Crime and the Challenge to Democracy, 28, 25.
6. Arugu, L. O. and Kalama, J. (2018). “Challenges of good governance in the Niger Delta: Implication for development”. International journal of advanced studies in economics and public sector management |IJASEPSMISSN Hard Print: 2354-421X | ISSN Online: pp. 2354-4228. Volume 6, Number 1, January, 2018. Retrieved on the 15th of July, 2021 from http://www.internationalpolicybrief.org/images/2018/JANUARY/IJASEPSM/ARTICL 2.pdf.
7. Babalola, D. (2014). “The underdevelopment of Nigeria’s Niger Delta region: Who is to blame?” Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/36094.
8. Barkan, S. E. (2012). Criminology: A sociological understanding. Prentice Hall.
9. Barry, V. E. and Rudinow, J. (2007). Invitation to critical thinking. Trade Paperback.
10. Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. The Free Press.
11. Burton, M. and Higley, J. (1998). “Political crises and elite settlements.” In: M. Dogan and J. Higley (eds). Elites, crises, and the origins of regimes. Rowman & Littlefield.
12. Business Day (August 4, 2020). “Cost of corruption in NDDC.” Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from https://businessday.ng/editorial/article/cost-of-corruption-in-nddc/.
13. Charteris-Black, J. (2005). Politicians and rhetoric: The persuasive power of metaphor. MacMillan.
14. Christensen, R. and Colvin, K. (2009). Stealing elections: A comparison of election-night Corruption in Japan, Canada, and the United States. Political change in Japan: Electoral behavior, party realignment, and the Koizumi reforms, 199-218.
15. Coleman, J. S. (1957). Community conflict. The Free Press.
16. Cox, F. M. (eds) (1974). Strategies of community organization: A book of readings. Peacock Publishers, Inc.
17. Connor, J. M. (2008). Global price fixing. Springer.
18. DeBacker, J. M., Heim, B. T. and Tran, A. (2012). Importing corruption culture from overseas: Evidence from corporate tax evasion in the United States (No. w17770). National Bureau of Economic Research.
19. Dinkin, R. J. (1989). Campaigning in America: A history of election practices. Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from Amazon.com.
20. Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. and Shleifer, A. (2008). “The law and economics of self-dealing”. Journal of financial economics, 88(3), 430-465.
21. Dogan, S. L. andLemley, M. A. (2008). “Antitrust law and regulatory gaming”. Tex. L. Rev. 87, p. 685.
22. Dye, T. R. (2002). Who’s running America? The Bush restoration. Prentice-Hall.
23. Dye, T. R. and Zeigler, H. (1993). The irony of democracy: An uncommon introduction to American politics. (15th Edition). Cengage learning. Retrieved on the 15th of July, 2021 from https://www.cengage.com/cgiwadsworth/course_products_wp.pl?fid=M20b&product_isbn_issn=9780495802709&toen=.
24. Enweremadu, D. U. (2009). Ending the vicious circle: Oil corruption and violent conflict in the Niger Delta. Paper presented at the Conference on Violence and Conflict in West Africa Organized by IFRA Nigeria at the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. 17th November.
25. Escalona, S. K. (1982). “Growing up with the threat of nuclear war: Some indirect effects on personality development”. American journal of orthopsychiatry, 52(4), pp. 600-607.
26. Fagbadebo, O. (2007). Corruption, governance and political institution in Nigeria”. African journal of political science and international relations, 1(2).
27. Fairchild, R., Crawford, I. andSaqlain, H. (2009). Auditor tenure, managerial fraud, and report qualification: Theory and evidence. Managerial fraud, and report qualification”. Theory and Evidence (June 16).
28. Feldman, O. (2000). Beyond public speech and symbols: Explorations in the rhetoric of politicians and the media. Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from Amazon.com.
29. Femia, J. (2001). Against the masses: varieties of anti-democratic thought since the French revolution. Oxford University Press.
30. Field, G. L. and Higley, J. (1980). Elitism. Routledge Kegan Paul.
31. French, R. M. (ed.) (1969). The community: A comparative perspective. F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc.
32. Grabe, M. E. (1996). “Tabloid and traditional television news magazine crime stories: Crime lessons and reaffirmation of social class distinctions”. Journalism and mass communication quarterly, 2(1). Retrieved on the 15th of July, 2021 from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107769909607300412.
33. Hall, K. and Spillett, J. K. (2014). The press effect: Politicians, journalists, and the stories that shape the political world. Oxford University Press.
34. Hancock, B; Ockleford, E. & Windridge, K. (2009). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. The NIHR RDS EM/YH.
35. Heidenheimer, A. J. and Johnston, M. (eds) (2004). Political corruption: Concepts and contexts. Routledge.
36. Heupel, M. (2009). “Multilateral sanctions against terror suspects and the violation of due process standards”. International affairs, 85(2), pp. 307-321.
37. Ibaba, S. (2005). Understanding the Niger Delta crisis. Amethyst and Colleagues Publishers.
38. Issacharoff, S. (2010). “On political corruption”. Harvard law review, 124, p. 118.
39. Jordan, E., King, G. and Yang, L. (2019). “Elite deviance and white collar crimes”. Retrieved on the 15th of July, 2021 from https://haenfler.sites.grinnell.edu/elite-deviance and-white-collar-crime/.
40. Katz, R. S. (2012). Environmental pollution: corporate crime and cancer mortality. Contemporary Justice Review, 15(1), 97-125.
41. Knutson, T. J. andKowitz, A. C. (1977). “Efforts of informational type and level of orientation on consensus achievement in substantive and affective small group conflict.” Central states speech journal, 28.
42. Landsbergis, P. A. (2009). “Assessing the contribution of working conditions to socioeconomic disparities in health: A commentary”. American journal of industrial medicine, 53(2), 95 103.
43. Linz, J. J. (2006). In: H. E. Chehabi (Ed). Robert Michels, political sociology, and the future of democracy. Transaction Publishers.
44. Loomis, C. P. and Loomis, Z. K. (1965). Modern social theories. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
45. Lynch, M. J. and Michalowski, R.J. (2006). Primer in Radical Criminology. 4thEdition. Criminal Justice Press.
46. MacDonald, L. A., Cohen, A., Baron, S. andBurchfiel, C. M. (2009). “Respond to search for preventable causes of cardiovascular disease”. American journal of epidemiology, 169(12), 1426-1427.
47. Mack, R. W. (1969). “The components of social conflict.” In R. M. Kramer and H. Specht (Eds.), Readings in community organization practice. Prentice Hall, Inc.
48. Mahajan, V. D. (2008). Political theory. Rajendra Ravindra.
49. Maiangwa, B. (2012). “Corruption in the underdevelopment of the Niger Delta in Nigeria”. Journal of pan-African studies, 5(5).
50. Makoro, B. K. (2015). “The Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) and sustainabledevelopment in Rivers State From 2000 – 2010.” Unpublished B. Sc thesis submitted to the Department of Political/Administrative, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, April.
51. Marshall, M. G. (2009). Coup d’état events, 1946-2008 codebook. Monty G. Marshall and Donna Ramsey Marshall. Center for Systemic Peace.
52. Mbah, C. C. (2006). Political theory and methodology. Rex Charles & Patrick Ltd.
53. McIntyre, R., Gardner, M., Wilkins, R. and Phillips, R. (2011). Corporate Taxpayers & Corporate Tax Dodgers. Citizens for Tax Justice & the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy.
54. Meulbroek, L. K. (2012). “An empirical analysis of illegal insider trading”. The journal of finance, 47(5), pp. 1661-1699.
55. Michelma, N. S. (2009). “Who can sue over government surveillance?”UCLA L. Rev., 57, 71.
56. Miller, A. (2012). Medical fraud: “One of the last taboos in society”.Canadian Medical Association Journal.
57. Mills, C.W. (1956). The power elite. Oxford University Press.
58. Mills, C. W. (1963). Power, politics, and people: The collected essays of C. Wright Mills. Oxford University Press.
59. Moerman, L. C. and Van De Laan, S. (2009). Strategic Bankruptcy: The case of James Hardie. Faculty of Commerce - Papers, 1-27.
60. Murrell, A. J., Olson, J. E. and Frieze, I. H. (2010). “Sexual harassment and gender discrimination: A longitudinal study of women managers”. Journal of social issues, 51(1), pp. 139-149.
61. Obasi, I. N. (2000). Research methodology in political science. Academic Printing Press.
62. Ogundiya, I. S. (2009). “Political corruption in Nigeria: Theoretical perspectives and some explanations”. Retrieved on the 8th of July, 2021 from http://www.krepublishers.com/02 Journals/TAnth/Anth-11-0-000-09-Web/Anth-11-4-239-09-AbstPDF/Anth-11-04-281 09-565-Ogundiya-I-S/Anth-11-04-281-09-565-Ogundiya-I-S-Tt.pdf.
63. Okonofua, B. A. (2013). “Triangulation, emotional reactivity, and violence in the Niger Delta“. Retrieved on the 9th of July, 2021 from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244013483758.
64. Olusola, O. (2013). The consequences of militancy in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. JORIND, 11(2). Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from http://www.transcampus.org/JORINDV11Dec2013/Jorind Vol11 No2 Dec Chapter18.pdf.
65. Paki, F. A. E. and Ebienfa, K. I. (2011). “Oil and development deficit in Africa: The failure of intervention agencies in Nigeria’s Niger Delta.” International journal of business and social scienceVol. 2 No. 8; May 201. Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol._2_No._8;_May_2011/17.pdf.
66. Pyke, D. and Tang, C. S. (2010). “How to mitigate product safety risks proactively? Process, challenges and opportunities”. International journal of logistics: Research and applications, 13(4), pp. 243-256.
67. Quinney, R. (1974). Criminal justice in America. Little Brown.
68. Pearlman, N. G. (2012). Margin of victory: How technologists help politicians win elections. ABC CLIO, LLC.
69. Rao, M. (2012). “2 climate change is deadly: The health impacts of climate change”. The health practitioner's guide to climate change: Diagnosis and cure, 33.
70. Robinson, J. W. Jr. (1972). “The management of conflict.” In Journal of the community development society, Vol. 3, No. 2.
71. Robinson, J. W. and Clifford, R. A. (1974). “Conflict management in community groups.” University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, North-Central Regional Extension Publication No. 36.
72. Ross, A. R. (2010). “What every radical should know about state repression: A guide for activists. Science and society, 74(2), pp. 269-271.
73. Salinger, L. M. (ed) (2004). Encyclopedia of white-collar and corporate crime. Arkansas State University Press.
74. Sandholtz, W. (2009). “The Iraq war and international law”. Routledge Handbook of International Law, 222.
75. Sethi, H. (2006). Multiple crises in South Asia: Exploring possibilities in participatory development, learning from South Asia. Oxford University Press.
76. Séverine, D. and Shahani, L. (2009). An introduction to the human development and capability approach. Earthscan.
77. Shapiro, S. P. (1990). “Collaring the crime, not the criminal: Reconsidering the concept of white collar crime”. American sociological review; Washington Vol. 55, Issue 3, (Jun 1990), p. 346.
78. Shelley, L. (2010). Human trafficking: A global perspective. Cambridge University Press.
79. Siasia, M. (2020). “Niger Delta: Underdevelopment driven by corruption, elite conspiracy, says Siasia”. Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/niger-delta-underdevelopment-driven-by corruption-elite-conspiracy-says-siasia/.
80. Siegel, L. J. and Welsh, B. (2011). Juvenile delinquency: The core (4th Ed.). Cengage.
81. Simon, D. and Eitzen, S. (1993). Elite deviance. Allyn and Bacon.
82. Simon, D. R. (2006). Elite Deviance. (8th edition). Pearson.
83. Simpson, S. S. (2013). “White-collar crime: A review of recent developments and promising directions for future research”. Annual review of sociology, Vol. 39, pp. 309-331.
84. Stempel, G. H. (1989). “Content analysis.” In G. H. Stempel and B. H. Westley (Eds). Research Methods in Mass Communications. Prentice Hall.
85. Sutherland, E. H. (1945). Is “White collar crime" crime?” American sociological review, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1944 Annual Meeting Papers (Apr., 1945), pp. 132-139. Published by American Sociological Association. Retrieved on the 15th of July, 2021 from http://faculty.washington.edu/matsueda/courses/371/Readings/White%20Collar%20Cri e.pdf.
86. Theobald, W. H. (2009). Defrauding the government: true tales of smuggling from the note book of a confidential agent of Th. Bibliolife.
87. Totten, S. and Parsons, W. S. (eds) (2012). Century of genocide. Routledge.
88. Tsutsui, K. (2012). “International human rights law”. Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization.
89. Tushnet, R. (2010). “Running the gamut from A to B: Federal trademark and false advertising law”. Retrieved on the 10th of July, 2021 from http://works.bepress.com/rebecca_tushnet/9.
90. Vanguard Newspaper (July 15, 2007).
91. Waldo, M. A. (2009). “Analysis: Somalia piracy began in response to illegal fishing and toxic dumping by western ships off Somali coast”. Democracy now.
92. Webster's New World College Dictionary (2013). “Politician”. Retrieved on the 12th of July, 2021 from Yourdictionary.com.
93. Werbner, P. (2010). The politics of infiltration: An anthropological case study of factionalism and party politics in the manual workers union of Botswana”. Critical African studies, 2(3), p. 110.
94. Zwolinski, M. (2008). “The ethics of price gouging”. Business ethics quarterly, 18(3), pp. 347 378.
2. Abel, R. L. (2012). Comparative studies of lawyer deviance and discipline”. Legal ethics, 15(2),pp. 187-195.
3. Adeosun, A. B., Ismail, N. and Zengeni, K. T. (2016). “Elites and conflict in Nigeria: A case study of the Niger Delta insurgency.” International journal of political science and development, Vol. 4(8), pp. 301-314, December 2016. DOI: 10.14662/IJPSD2016.053.
4. Ake, C. (2001). Democracy and development in Africa. Spectrum Books.
5. Armao, F. (2012). Why is organized crime so successful? Organised Crime and the Challenge to Democracy, 28, 25.
6. Arugu, L. O. and Kalama, J. (2018). “Challenges of good governance in the Niger Delta: Implication for development”. International journal of advanced studies in economics and public sector management |IJASEPSMISSN Hard Print: 2354-421X | ISSN Online: pp. 2354-4228. Volume 6, Number 1, January, 2018. Retrieved on the 15th of July, 2021 from http://www.internationalpolicybrief.org/images/2018/JANUARY/IJASEPSM/ARTICL 2.pdf.
7. Babalola, D. (2014). “The underdevelopment of Nigeria’s Niger Delta region: Who is to blame?” Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/36094.
8. Barkan, S. E. (2012). Criminology: A sociological understanding. Prentice Hall.
9. Barry, V. E. and Rudinow, J. (2007). Invitation to critical thinking. Trade Paperback.
10. Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. The Free Press.
11. Burton, M. and Higley, J. (1998). “Political crises and elite settlements.” In: M. Dogan and J. Higley (eds). Elites, crises, and the origins of regimes. Rowman & Littlefield.
12. Business Day (August 4, 2020). “Cost of corruption in NDDC.” Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from https://businessday.ng/editorial/article/cost-of-corruption-in-nddc/.
13. Charteris-Black, J. (2005). Politicians and rhetoric: The persuasive power of metaphor. MacMillan.
14. Christensen, R. and Colvin, K. (2009). Stealing elections: A comparison of election-night Corruption in Japan, Canada, and the United States. Political change in Japan: Electoral behavior, party realignment, and the Koizumi reforms, 199-218.
15. Coleman, J. S. (1957). Community conflict. The Free Press.
16. Cox, F. M. (eds) (1974). Strategies of community organization: A book of readings. Peacock Publishers, Inc.
17. Connor, J. M. (2008). Global price fixing. Springer.
18. DeBacker, J. M., Heim, B. T. and Tran, A. (2012). Importing corruption culture from overseas: Evidence from corporate tax evasion in the United States (No. w17770). National Bureau of Economic Research.
19. Dinkin, R. J. (1989). Campaigning in America: A history of election practices. Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from Amazon.com.
20. Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. and Shleifer, A. (2008). “The law and economics of self-dealing”. Journal of financial economics, 88(3), 430-465.
21. Dogan, S. L. andLemley, M. A. (2008). “Antitrust law and regulatory gaming”. Tex. L. Rev. 87, p. 685.
22. Dye, T. R. (2002). Who’s running America? The Bush restoration. Prentice-Hall.
23. Dye, T. R. and Zeigler, H. (1993). The irony of democracy: An uncommon introduction to American politics. (15th Edition). Cengage learning. Retrieved on the 15th of July, 2021 from https://www.cengage.com/cgiwadsworth/course_products_wp.pl?fid=M20b&product_isbn_issn=9780495802709&toen=.
24. Enweremadu, D. U. (2009). Ending the vicious circle: Oil corruption and violent conflict in the Niger Delta. Paper presented at the Conference on Violence and Conflict in West Africa Organized by IFRA Nigeria at the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. 17th November.
25. Escalona, S. K. (1982). “Growing up with the threat of nuclear war: Some indirect effects on personality development”. American journal of orthopsychiatry, 52(4), pp. 600-607.
26. Fagbadebo, O. (2007). Corruption, governance and political institution in Nigeria”. African journal of political science and international relations, 1(2).
27. Fairchild, R., Crawford, I. andSaqlain, H. (2009). Auditor tenure, managerial fraud, and report qualification: Theory and evidence. Managerial fraud, and report qualification”. Theory and Evidence (June 16).
28. Feldman, O. (2000). Beyond public speech and symbols: Explorations in the rhetoric of politicians and the media. Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from Amazon.com.
29. Femia, J. (2001). Against the masses: varieties of anti-democratic thought since the French revolution. Oxford University Press.
30. Field, G. L. and Higley, J. (1980). Elitism. Routledge Kegan Paul.
31. French, R. M. (ed.) (1969). The community: A comparative perspective. F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc.
32. Grabe, M. E. (1996). “Tabloid and traditional television news magazine crime stories: Crime lessons and reaffirmation of social class distinctions”. Journalism and mass communication quarterly, 2(1). Retrieved on the 15th of July, 2021 from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107769909607300412.
33. Hall, K. and Spillett, J. K. (2014). The press effect: Politicians, journalists, and the stories that shape the political world. Oxford University Press.
34. Hancock, B; Ockleford, E. & Windridge, K. (2009). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. The NIHR RDS EM/YH.
35. Heidenheimer, A. J. and Johnston, M. (eds) (2004). Political corruption: Concepts and contexts. Routledge.
36. Heupel, M. (2009). “Multilateral sanctions against terror suspects and the violation of due process standards”. International affairs, 85(2), pp. 307-321.
37. Ibaba, S. (2005). Understanding the Niger Delta crisis. Amethyst and Colleagues Publishers.
38. Issacharoff, S. (2010). “On political corruption”. Harvard law review, 124, p. 118.
39. Jordan, E., King, G. and Yang, L. (2019). “Elite deviance and white collar crimes”. Retrieved on the 15th of July, 2021 from https://haenfler.sites.grinnell.edu/elite-deviance and-white-collar-crime/.
40. Katz, R. S. (2012). Environmental pollution: corporate crime and cancer mortality. Contemporary Justice Review, 15(1), 97-125.
41. Knutson, T. J. andKowitz, A. C. (1977). “Efforts of informational type and level of orientation on consensus achievement in substantive and affective small group conflict.” Central states speech journal, 28.
42. Landsbergis, P. A. (2009). “Assessing the contribution of working conditions to socioeconomic disparities in health: A commentary”. American journal of industrial medicine, 53(2), 95 103.
43. Linz, J. J. (2006). In: H. E. Chehabi (Ed). Robert Michels, political sociology, and the future of democracy. Transaction Publishers.
44. Loomis, C. P. and Loomis, Z. K. (1965). Modern social theories. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
45. Lynch, M. J. and Michalowski, R.J. (2006). Primer in Radical Criminology. 4thEdition. Criminal Justice Press.
46. MacDonald, L. A., Cohen, A., Baron, S. andBurchfiel, C. M. (2009). “Respond to search for preventable causes of cardiovascular disease”. American journal of epidemiology, 169(12), 1426-1427.
47. Mack, R. W. (1969). “The components of social conflict.” In R. M. Kramer and H. Specht (Eds.), Readings in community organization practice. Prentice Hall, Inc.
48. Mahajan, V. D. (2008). Political theory. Rajendra Ravindra.
49. Maiangwa, B. (2012). “Corruption in the underdevelopment of the Niger Delta in Nigeria”. Journal of pan-African studies, 5(5).
50. Makoro, B. K. (2015). “The Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) and sustainabledevelopment in Rivers State From 2000 – 2010.” Unpublished B. Sc thesis submitted to the Department of Political/Administrative, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, April.
51. Marshall, M. G. (2009). Coup d’état events, 1946-2008 codebook. Monty G. Marshall and Donna Ramsey Marshall. Center for Systemic Peace.
52. Mbah, C. C. (2006). Political theory and methodology. Rex Charles & Patrick Ltd.
53. McIntyre, R., Gardner, M., Wilkins, R. and Phillips, R. (2011). Corporate Taxpayers & Corporate Tax Dodgers. Citizens for Tax Justice & the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy.
54. Meulbroek, L. K. (2012). “An empirical analysis of illegal insider trading”. The journal of finance, 47(5), pp. 1661-1699.
55. Michelma, N. S. (2009). “Who can sue over government surveillance?”UCLA L. Rev., 57, 71.
56. Miller, A. (2012). Medical fraud: “One of the last taboos in society”.Canadian Medical Association Journal.
57. Mills, C.W. (1956). The power elite. Oxford University Press.
58. Mills, C. W. (1963). Power, politics, and people: The collected essays of C. Wright Mills. Oxford University Press.
59. Moerman, L. C. and Van De Laan, S. (2009). Strategic Bankruptcy: The case of James Hardie. Faculty of Commerce - Papers, 1-27.
60. Murrell, A. J., Olson, J. E. and Frieze, I. H. (2010). “Sexual harassment and gender discrimination: A longitudinal study of women managers”. Journal of social issues, 51(1), pp. 139-149.
61. Obasi, I. N. (2000). Research methodology in political science. Academic Printing Press.
62. Ogundiya, I. S. (2009). “Political corruption in Nigeria: Theoretical perspectives and some explanations”. Retrieved on the 8th of July, 2021 from http://www.krepublishers.com/02 Journals/TAnth/Anth-11-0-000-09-Web/Anth-11-4-239-09-AbstPDF/Anth-11-04-281 09-565-Ogundiya-I-S/Anth-11-04-281-09-565-Ogundiya-I-S-Tt.pdf.
63. Okonofua, B. A. (2013). “Triangulation, emotional reactivity, and violence in the Niger Delta“. Retrieved on the 9th of July, 2021 from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244013483758.
64. Olusola, O. (2013). The consequences of militancy in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. JORIND, 11(2). Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from http://www.transcampus.org/JORINDV11Dec2013/Jorind Vol11 No2 Dec Chapter18.pdf.
65. Paki, F. A. E. and Ebienfa, K. I. (2011). “Oil and development deficit in Africa: The failure of intervention agencies in Nigeria’s Niger Delta.” International journal of business and social scienceVol. 2 No. 8; May 201. Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol._2_No._8;_May_2011/17.pdf.
66. Pyke, D. and Tang, C. S. (2010). “How to mitigate product safety risks proactively? Process, challenges and opportunities”. International journal of logistics: Research and applications, 13(4), pp. 243-256.
67. Quinney, R. (1974). Criminal justice in America. Little Brown.
68. Pearlman, N. G. (2012). Margin of victory: How technologists help politicians win elections. ABC CLIO, LLC.
69. Rao, M. (2012). “2 climate change is deadly: The health impacts of climate change”. The health practitioner's guide to climate change: Diagnosis and cure, 33.
70. Robinson, J. W. Jr. (1972). “The management of conflict.” In Journal of the community development society, Vol. 3, No. 2.
71. Robinson, J. W. and Clifford, R. A. (1974). “Conflict management in community groups.” University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, North-Central Regional Extension Publication No. 36.
72. Ross, A. R. (2010). “What every radical should know about state repression: A guide for activists. Science and society, 74(2), pp. 269-271.
73. Salinger, L. M. (ed) (2004). Encyclopedia of white-collar and corporate crime. Arkansas State University Press.
74. Sandholtz, W. (2009). “The Iraq war and international law”. Routledge Handbook of International Law, 222.
75. Sethi, H. (2006). Multiple crises in South Asia: Exploring possibilities in participatory development, learning from South Asia. Oxford University Press.
76. Séverine, D. and Shahani, L. (2009). An introduction to the human development and capability approach. Earthscan.
77. Shapiro, S. P. (1990). “Collaring the crime, not the criminal: Reconsidering the concept of white collar crime”. American sociological review; Washington Vol. 55, Issue 3, (Jun 1990), p. 346.
78. Shelley, L. (2010). Human trafficking: A global perspective. Cambridge University Press.
79. Siasia, M. (2020). “Niger Delta: Underdevelopment driven by corruption, elite conspiracy, says Siasia”. Retrieved on the 14th of July, 2021 from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/niger-delta-underdevelopment-driven-by corruption-elite-conspiracy-says-siasia/.
80. Siegel, L. J. and Welsh, B. (2011). Juvenile delinquency: The core (4th Ed.). Cengage.
81. Simon, D. and Eitzen, S. (1993). Elite deviance. Allyn and Bacon.
82. Simon, D. R. (2006). Elite Deviance. (8th edition). Pearson.
83. Simpson, S. S. (2013). “White-collar crime: A review of recent developments and promising directions for future research”. Annual review of sociology, Vol. 39, pp. 309-331.
84. Stempel, G. H. (1989). “Content analysis.” In G. H. Stempel and B. H. Westley (Eds). Research Methods in Mass Communications. Prentice Hall.
85. Sutherland, E. H. (1945). Is “White collar crime" crime?” American sociological review, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1944 Annual Meeting Papers (Apr., 1945), pp. 132-139. Published by American Sociological Association. Retrieved on the 15th of July, 2021 from http://faculty.washington.edu/matsueda/courses/371/Readings/White%20Collar%20Cri e.pdf.
86. Theobald, W. H. (2009). Defrauding the government: true tales of smuggling from the note book of a confidential agent of Th. Bibliolife.
87. Totten, S. and Parsons, W. S. (eds) (2012). Century of genocide. Routledge.
88. Tsutsui, K. (2012). “International human rights law”. Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization.
89. Tushnet, R. (2010). “Running the gamut from A to B: Federal trademark and false advertising law”. Retrieved on the 10th of July, 2021 from http://works.bepress.com/rebecca_tushnet/9.
90. Vanguard Newspaper (July 15, 2007).
91. Waldo, M. A. (2009). “Analysis: Somalia piracy began in response to illegal fishing and toxic dumping by western ships off Somali coast”. Democracy now.
92. Webster's New World College Dictionary (2013). “Politician”. Retrieved on the 12th of July, 2021 from Yourdictionary.com.
93. Werbner, P. (2010). The politics of infiltration: An anthropological case study of factionalism and party politics in the manual workers union of Botswana”. Critical African studies, 2(3), p. 110.
94. Zwolinski, M. (2008). “The ethics of price gouging”. Business ethics quarterly, 18(3), pp. 347 378.
Published
2022-08-04
How to Cite
Dagogo, Doctor Farah. (2022). Elite Deviance and the Rising Rate of Conflicts Among Politicians in South-South Nigeria. Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History, 3(8), 1-22. Retrieved from https://cajssh.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJSSH/article/view/402
Section
Articles
